Common Warning Signs Of Photokeratitis

Also known as arc eye and snow blindness, photokeratitis occurs when the cornea is temporarily damaged after exposure to ultraviolet light. The condition typically develops when the eyes are exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sun, and it can happen if an individual stares at a solar eclipse without protective eyewear. If the patient does not wear sunglasses while outdoors, even just the reflection of the sun's rays on snow, sand, or water may be enough to trigger this condition. Photokeratitis can also develop in cases where tanning beds, ultraviolet lamps, and tanning beds are used. Patients normally begin to experience symptoms around six to twelve hours after exposure. Eye doctors can diagnose photokeratitis by placing drops of fluorescein dye into the patient's eyes; this dye reveals ultraviolet damage. While most cases of photokeratitis resolve on their own within two days, patients may need to use artificial tears, antibiotics, and pain relievers to manage symptoms as they heal.

The warning signs outlined below are some of those most commonly associated with photokeratitis.

Eyelid Twitching

In the early stages of photokeratitis, patients may notice eyelid twitching. One or both of the eyelids may be affected, and this symptom could cause the eyelid to suddenly close. At other times, patients with eyelid twitching may notice their eyelids move slightly in a way that is entirely out of their control. Although eyelid twitching does not affect visual acuity, it can be unpleasant. Doctors suggest patients experiencing twitches to try to reduce stress and either reduce or eliminate caffeine from their diets; both stress and caffeine are believed to increase twitching. In addition, it can be helpful for the patient to ensure they are getting sufficient sleep, as a lack of sleep is associated with increased twitching too. If the patient notices their eyelid twitching gets worse or does not resolve after a few days, an ophthalmologist can perform a detailed examination to identify the underlying issue. Occasionally, injections of muscle relaxants such as botulinum toxin may be administered to stop twitching.

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Light Sensitivity

Light sensitivity is one of the major complaints patients with photokeratitis typically experience. In particular, patients may notice they are sensitive to bright light, and they may also experience headaches or eye swelling. As the patient recovers from photokeratitis, they will gradually be able to tolerate more intense light. To help with recovery and reduce light sensitivity, the patient might wish to stay indoors and use dim light as much as possible. Instead of bright overhead lighting, indirect light or gentle candlelight may be soothing. Shades, eye masks, and sunglasses can all help to reduce the intensity of light. In addition, patients may find it helpful to take painkillers. These can reduce the headaches that develop from light sensitivity. If sensitivity to light worsens, an urgent appointment with an eye doctor or another medical professional should be made.

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Intense Tearing

Intense tearing is one of the most unpleasant symptoms that develops with photokeratitis. Patients may notice their eyes water almost constantly, and this can dry out the eye. As a result, the eye and eyelids may feel sticky or gritty, and the eyes might appear very red. Some patients describe the gritty feeling as being like sand stuck in the eyes. To reduce the intense tearing and associated symptoms, doctors frequently advise patients to use artificial tears to lubricate the eyes and help the outer surface of the eye retain more moisture. Artificial tears are available over-the-counter, and they can be used several times each day. Eye professionals can prescribe stronger versions as needed, and eye ointments can sometimes reduce the gritty sensation in the eyes as well. When selecting artificial tears, individuals should be aware there are versions with and without preservatives. While the preservatives reduce the growth of bacteria once the eye drops have been opened, patients with photokeratitis might find the preservatives irritate their eyes, especially since they will likely need to use artificial tears more than four times each day. In this case, the preservative-free artificial tears may be a better option.

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Constricted Pupils

The corneal damage and inflammation caused by photokeratitis may result in constriction of the pupils. Located in the middle of the irises, the pupils allow light to enter the eyes. In healthy individuals, the pupil constricts in response to bright light; this is considered a protective mechanism. Healthy pupil size in bright light is between two to four millimeters. Constricted pupils can be assessed by an ophthalmologist. In a room with dim lighting, the ophthalmologist will direct the patient to look at an object in the distance. Next, they will shine a light into one eye at a time to check how the patient's pupil responds and to record its size. If one or both pupils are found to be an abnormal size, the eye doctor may need to perform additional examinations. Generally, constricted pupils due to photokeratitis will return to normal size within forty-eight hours. If the patient notices their pupils remain constricted beyond this period or one pupil is a different size to the other, they should see an eye health specialist as soon as possible.

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Blurry Vision

Blurry vision is frequently seen in patients with photokeratitis. For some individuals, this symptom could be accompanied by eye pain and changes in color vision too. Although rare, some patients have experienced temporary blindness due to this condition. In addition to the blurriness, bright circles of light may appear in the patient's visual field when they look at lamps or other light sources; this is known as 'seeing halos.' To ease these eye symptoms, patients may find it helpful to place a cold cloth over their eyes several times a day. In addition, experts advise the patient to avoid rubbing the eyes so they can heal as quickly as possible.