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9. Emphysema

Emphysema occurs when the alveolar septae, or the walls of the air sacs in the lungs, are destroyed, causing the air spaces in the lungs to grow larger and decrease in quantity. The more the air spaces grow, the less efficient regular sized alveoli can properly function. Therefore, emphysema negatively affects the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It also disrupts the blood supply to the lungs, which creates a discolored appearance and eventually destroys the capillaries and the alveolar wall.