15 Dystonia Varieties That Will Spin Your Brain Around

11. Segmental Dystonia

Segmental dystonia affects two or more contiguous (neighboring) body parts. Unlike generalized dystonia which spans the entire body, or focal dystonia confined to one area, segmental dystonia creates a chain of involuntary contractions. For example, it might involve the neck and one arm, or the face and jaw, leading to twisting movements, abnormal postures, and often pain across the connected regions. This form highlights how dystonia can spread to adjacent muscle groups, presenting unique challenges in diagnosis and management as symptoms ripple through the body.

12. Oromandibular Dystonia (OMD)

Oromandibular dystonia specifically targets the muscles of the jaw, tongue, and mouth. This can manifest as involuntary opening, closing, or deviation of the jaw, tongue protrusion, or lip retraction. Eating, speaking, and swallowing become incredibly difficult, impacting daily life and nutrition. OMD can appear alone or as part of more complex dystonias like Meige syndrome (which combines it with blepharospasm). The constant muscle contractions are often painful, and the visible nature of the symptoms can also lead to significant social challenges for affected individuals.