What Causes Rhabdomyolysis?

Crush Injuries

Crush injuries can cause rhabdomyolysis because they cause direct damage to the muscle tissue. This type of injury can occur during a car crash or when a heavy object falls on someone. Large numbers of crush injuries and resulting rhabdomyolysis cases can be expected after mass casualty events such as earthquakes. When a muscle is crushed, it becomes compressed. Pressure then builds up to a dangerous level in the injured area, causing compartment syndrome. Muscle tissue is broken down, releasing myoglobin. During this time, it is also common for a severe electrolyte imbalance to develop. For example, potassium levels can become dangerously concentrated. When the source of compression is removed from the injured body part, the concentrated myoglobin flows from the damaged muscle tissue and begins to circulate the body. The kidneys cannot handle the concentrated levels of myoglobin, especially when an electrolyte imbalance is added to the equation.

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Extreme Physical Activity

On rare occasions, extreme physical activity can cause rhabdomyolysis. This can happen if someone does an incredibly strenuous workout beyond their fitness level. An example is running a marathon without adequate preparation. Drinking a lot of water before, during, and after strenuous exercise can prevent rhabdomyolysis by diluting the concentration of myoglobin in the blood. The dilution allows the kidneys to process the myoglobin more easily. Taking in electrolytes is also important after a taxing workout. A simple sports drink can re-balance the electrolytes and prevent dehydration. Consuming alcohol after strenuous exercise can make rhabdomyolysis more likely to occur because it causes dehydration and prevents the muscles from recovering properly.

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