What Causes Odynophagia?

Candida Infection

Candida is a type of yeast that lives in the human body. While it is perfectly normal to have a small amount of candida inside the mouth and throat, sometimes too much candida can grow in the throat, leading to candida infection. This condition is also known as thrush, and it can cause a sore throat and painful swallowing. Another telltale symptom is white spots in the mouth and throat.

Some risk factors for thrush include taking certain medications such as antibiotics, having diabetes, and having a weak immune system. Young babies and older adults have a higher risk of getting thrush. Luckily, this type of infection is very treatable, typically with antifungal medications. These medications are often available over-the-counter, and prescription medications are an option if those do not work well enough. Certain mouthwashes can help as well.

Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is one of the least common causes of odynophagia, but it is still possible. This type of cancer is characterized by tumors that grow inside the esophagus; these tumors can affect any part of the esophagus. Risk factors include genetics, smoking, alcoholism, obesity, and chronic acid reflux. Men and African Americans are at higher risk than other groups, and this cancer usually affects individuals older than forty-five years old. Some research indicates drinking extremely hot beverages can also increase the risk of this type of cancer.

Esophageal cancer has two different forms: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer in the esophageal lining, and adenocarcinoma is cancer in the esophageal glandular cells. Both types can cause odynophagia. Other symptoms include unintentional weight loss, vomiting, coughing, and frequent hiccups. If a patient has many of these symptoms or one or more risk factors, the doctor may do some tests to see if there is cancer. These tests include an endoscopy, a barium swallow, a biopsy, or a CT scan.