What Causes Constipation?

Dehydration

Sufficient hydration helps the intestines stay smooth and flexible so food can flow through them efficiently. If dehydration is present, the colon (large intestine) will absorb water from food waste, leading to dry and hard stool. Potential signs of dehydration include dark-colored urine, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, dry mouth, and dry skin. Patients with dehydration might also notice reduced urine output. To prevent dehydration, doctors recommend patients consume at least six to eight cups of liquid each day.

While water is best, herbal tea, broth, and fruit and vegetable juices will all improve hydration. Patients trying to increase their fluid intake might wish to keep a log of all of their drinks throughout the day. Some 'smart' water bottles will calculate fluid intake automatically too. Since dehydration can be potentially serious, anyone who has not urinated in eight hours or who is experiencing confusion, dizziness, nausea, or vomiting should be taken to a hospital.

Certain Medications

Patients who take certain medications are at a higher risk for constipation. Opioids, sedatives, antidepressants, and medicines to reduce blood pressure can all lead to the development of either occasional or chronic constipation. For example, codeine and oxycodone are two of the opioids that have constipation as a side effect, and this symptom is also a potential side effect of antidepressants such as fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and imipramine.

Blood pressure medications associated with constipation include diltiazem and nifedipine, and this side effect may also occur with iron supplements and antacids containing aluminum. Patients experiencing constipation as a result of a particular medicine should talk to their doctor about the possibility of switching to a different one. If this is not possible, patients might need to make dietary modifications or take additional medications to manage their constipation.